Logical Deduction :: Logic :: Type 1 (Two Premise Arguments)

• Logic - Type 1 (Two Premise Arguments)
• Logic - Type 2 (Three Premise Arguments)

In question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take,the given-two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements : Some pastries are toffees. All toffees are chocolates.

Conclusions : I. Some chocolates are toffees   II. Some Toffees are not pastries.

Answer:

Explanation:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, it follows that'Some pastries are chocolates'. I is the converse of the second premise and so it holds. Since both the premises are affirmative, the conclusion cannot be negative. Thus, II does not follow

In question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take,the given-two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements : Some hens are cows. All cows are horses

Conclusions : I. Some horses are hens 

II. Some hens are horses

Answer:

Explanation:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, II follows. I is the converse of II and so it also,holds.

In question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take,the given-two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements : All roads are waters. Some waters are boats.

Conclusions : I. Some Boats are roads  II. All waters are boats.

Answer:

Explanation:

The first premise is A type and distributes the subject. So, the middle term 'waters' which forms its predicate, is not distributed. The second premise is I type and does not distribute either subject or predicate. So, the middle term 'waters' forming its subject is not distributed. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows.

In question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take,the given-two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements : Every minister is a student. Every student is inexperienced.

Conclusions : I. Every minister is ineperienced 

II. Some inexperienced are students.

Answer:

Explanation:

'Every' is equivalent to 'All'. Thus, since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle-term. So, I follows. II is the converse of the second premise and thus it also holds.

In question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take,the given-two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements : All pens are chalks. All chairs are chalks

Conclusions : I. Some pens are chairs   II. Some chalks are pens

Answer:

Explanation:

Since the middle term 'chalks' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the first premise and so it holds.

• Logic - Type 1 (Two Premise Arguments)
• Logic - Type 2 (Three Premise Arguments)